{"id":39662,"date":"2020-09-02T23:00:30","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T22:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/?page_id=39662"},"modified":"2020-09-24T20:30:30","modified_gmt":"2020-09-24T19:30:30","slug":"urban-development","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/themes\/urban-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban development"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#636363″ background_color_gradient_direction=”160deg” background_image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_790878583.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”||||false|false” animation_style=”fade”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

THEMES<\/h6>\n

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URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”navigation-strip” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”17px”]<\/p>\n

Infrastructure demand will be driven by changes in population, economic activity, and technology, but also by changes to urban form. We have developed simulations of urban growth for the Oxford-Cambridge Arc, underpinned by population change and planning policies, in order to estimate their impacts on future infrastructure requirements.<\/h4>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_5,1_5,1_5,1_5,1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_margin=”-24px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” link_option_url=”#navigation-strip”][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#introduction” button_text=”Scope” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#results” button_text=”Methodology” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”relative” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#applications” button_text=”Impact” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#publications” button_text=”Publications” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#casestudies” button_text=”Case studies” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”introduction” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_color=”off” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

SCOPE<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_4_font_size=”19px” header_4_line_height=”1.7em” header_5_text_color=”#fe6223″ max_width=”100%” custom_margin=”|-384px||||” custom_padding=”|0px||||”]As urban areas change into the future, new spatial patterns of development will arise driven by population growth and economic activity. The team at Newcastle University have been working on the application of their Urban Development Model (UDM) on the Oxford-Cambridge Arc to explore potential future urban growth patterns. The model uses population projections and planning policy drivers, such as greenspace protection or transit-oriented development, to identify likely areas of new urban development in the future. These patterns can be explored for Business as Usual scenarios, following current day trends and policies, or for new \u2018what if?\u2019 scenarios of alternative planning options. This will help us understand the impacts of new infrastructure, such as the East-West Rail line, on urban growth and the impacts of that urbanisation on natural capital, greenspace, or flood risk. We aim to help local authorities plan for sustainable future urban growth by identifying development patterns that protect natural capital and build at a suitable density and in locations that enable uptake of active travel or public transport.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”results” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

METHODOLOGY<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_4_font_size=”19px” header_4_line_height=”1.7em” header_5_text_color=”#fe6223″ max_width=”100%” custom_margin=”|-384px||||” custom_padding=”|0px||||”]The UDM uses a set of spatial drivers, such as proximity to public transport hubs or existing urban areas, to score areas in terms of their suitability for development. A further set of spatial constraints, such as greenbelt land or nature reserves, exclude areas from future development. The model operates over a raster grid (typically 1ha resolution) to allocate urban growth, driven by population projections and scenarios of housing density, for future housing provision. The development density is based on machine learning analysis, undertaken by the University of Oxford, of existing urban form. This provides a range of potential future development densities for exploration under the \u2018what-if?\u2019 scenarios.<\/p>\n

Outputs from UDM are spatial maps of future development for a given scenario, showing where expected residential will take place under the input planning attractors and constraints. These patterns can be tested against policy objectives, such as natural capital loss or development within walking distance of public transport hubs, or used as drivers for infrastructure demand modelling.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”applications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

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IMPACT<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”Spatial patterns of infrastructure demand” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_level=”h6″ header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_font_size=”19px” custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

The development of UDM as part of ITRC MISTRAL has allowed new insights into the potential impact of population change on urban growth, and therefore spatial patterns of infrastructure demand. By coupling UDM to the work at the University of Leeds on SIMIM and population projections, a new set of spatial development scenarios for the Arc region have been developed.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”Informing planing policy decisions” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_level=”h6″ header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_font_size=”19px” custom_padding=”||50px||false|false”]These scenarios are being used by local authorities and the Environment Agency to help understand potential impacts of future urban development on the region. The use of such spatial models allows decision-makers to explore the effect of planning policy decisions, such as relaxing the greenbelt constraints, on patterns of urbanisation. The outputs from the MISTRAL UDM modelling work can help inform climate change impact assessments and assess policies for the transition to Net Zero. [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”publications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

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PUBLICATIONS<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”list” posts_number=”3″ custom_post_types=”itrcpublications” include_categories=”47″ show_thumbnail=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#fe6223″ excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” locked=”off” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”casestudies” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

URBAN DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

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CASE STUDIES<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”off” posts_number=”3″ custom_post_types=”casestudies” include_categories=”47″ show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”three-column-grid project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#3c3c3c” excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”researchthemes” module_class=”themes” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ width=”100%” max_width=”98%” module_alignment=”center” min_height=”432px” custom_margin=”20px||||false|false” custom_padding=”16px||38px||false|false” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_module=”33572″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_font=”||||||||” header_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_font=”|700|||||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font=”|700|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#006f74″]<\/p>\n

RESEARCH THEMES<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/energy-e1593364327475.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/energy\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

ENERGY<\/h6>\n

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TRANSPORT<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_790878583.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/water\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

WATER<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/digital\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_536340229-1.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/demographics\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

DEMOGRAPHICS<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/urban-development\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

URBAN
DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_712110304.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/economics\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

ECONOMICS<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/infrastructure-governance\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

INFRASTRUCTURE
GOVERNANCE<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||445px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/infrastructure-e1593363350576.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/nismod\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_color_top=”#fe6223″ border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

NISMOD<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/risk-resilience-e1593363402667.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/risk-and-resilience\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

RISK AND
RESILIENCE<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/research-software-engineering\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

RESEARCH SOFTWARE ENGINEERING<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/databases\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

DATABASES<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#636363″ background_color_gradient_direction=”160deg” background_image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_790878583.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”||||false|false” animation_style=”fade”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”] THEMES [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”] URBAN DEVELOPMENT [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”navigation-strip” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”17px”] Infrastructure demand will be driven by changes in population, economic activity, and technology, but also by changes to urban form. We have […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":33438,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39662","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39662","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39662"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39662\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40276,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39662\/revisions\/40276"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39662"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39662"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39662"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}