{"id":39581,"date":"2020-09-02T20:05:37","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T19:05:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/?page_id=39581"},"modified":"2020-09-24T20:28:27","modified_gmt":"2020-09-24T19:28:27","slug":"digital","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/themes\/digital\/","title":{"rendered":"Digital Communications"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#636363″ background_color_gradient_direction=”160deg” background_image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/DAFNI-banner.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”||||false|false” animation_style=”fade”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

THEMES<\/h6>\n

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”navigation-strip” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”17px”]<\/p>\n

The digital communications model provides an open-source software tool which allows users to test the capacity, coverage and cost of different digital infrastructure strategies<\/h4>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_5,1_5,1_5,1_5,1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_margin=”-24px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” link_option_url=”#navigation-strip”][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#introduction” button_text=”Introduction” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#results” button_text=”Results” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”relative” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#applications” button_text=”Capabilities” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#publications” button_text=”Publications” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#casestudies” button_text=”Case studies” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”introduction” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_color=”off” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

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INTRODUCTION<\/h3>\n

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Digital communications are an essential part of a national infrastructure system. Hence, the UK Government is committed to becoming a leader in the deployment of 5G, and also has ambitions to rollout Fibre-To-The-Premises (FTTP) to the majority of households by the mid 2020s. Consequently, the Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium has developed an open-source software tool for assessing both mobile and fixed networks that can be used to evaluate different digital infrastructure strategies.<\/p>\n

The simulation-based model uses data from a range of sources, including population forecasts, system capacities, coverage and data demands, and budget constraints, to examine how different strategies for implementation could be designed. The outcomes can be used to inform government decision-making, as well as for businesses looking towards the future.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/themes_digital_estimation_process.png” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ body_line_height=”1.2em”]<\/p>\n

Illustration of the estimation process: Population, imagery, terrain and OpenStreetMap layers are combined to develop demand inputs which can be fed into a simulation model based on least-cost network design to produce high resolution digital infrastructure analytics.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”results” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

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RESULTS<\/h3>\n

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Full spatio-temporal results can be obtained from the model to help inform local, national or international decisions. Spatially the results can be very granular, for example in the UK postcode sectors are used (~9000). The temporal resolution of the simulation model is annual.<\/p>\n

So far, the model has been applied to many countries globally including the UK, the Netherlands, Mexico, Peru, Albania, Pakistan, Senegal, C\u00f4te d’Ivoire, Mali, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false”][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

Figure 1 provides an example of the 5G strategy results for the Netherlands, demonstrating the potential cost per urban, suburban and rural user for different scenarios.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/itrc_digital_fig1.png” _builder_version=”4.2.2″]Figure 1: Required 5G investment costs for the Netherlands by scenario and strategy.[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]The digital communications model can also report the cost composition for national strategies to provide a basic universal broadband service, as demonstrated in an assessment which focused on East Africa (C\u00f4te d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal) and West Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). The context is that many countries are still focusing on deploying 3G to rural locations, but it may make more sense to leap straight to 4G (because the technology is completely Internet Protocol-based, therefore has many benefits). Additionally, network operators and governments must make challenging decisions over whether to deploy fibre or microwave backhaul to new sites, thus the model quantifies the different cost implications, given financial capital is limited.[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/themes_digital_fig2.png” _builder_version=”4.2.2″]<\/p>\n

Figure 2: Example of the cost composition of national broadband strategies.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”applications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

CAPABILITIES<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]The digital communications model enables:[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”|auto|13px|auto|false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Assessment of future long-term data traffic growth under different scenarios[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Exploration of different technology-based infrastructure strategies (e.g. 4G vs 5G)[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Investigation of the benefits of different business models (e.g. infrastructure sharing), and modelling of regulatory decisions relating to coverage obligations, subsidies and tax breaks[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

Additional features of the digital communications model include:<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Estimation of demand-side adoption factors such as the Average Revenue Per User from satellite imagery (how much people can pay for the service)[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Testing of regional digital infrastructure integration cost savings[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]Estimation of Wi-Fi Access Point density[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
\n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”applications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

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APPLICATIONS<\/h3>\n

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The high-resolution digital infrastructure assessment results can be used to provide both analytical insight and support for a range of operational decisions. The capability developed is best suited to evaluate three different areas of decision making, which include:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Technology options<\/strong> relating to the different types of technologies that could be used to design and deploy a fixed or wireless network, given different capacity, coverage and cost implications<\/li>\n
  2. Business model<\/strong> options helping to inform the degree to which infrastructure sharing strategies can reduce cost and improve coverage to unviable rural and remote locations<\/li>\n
  3. Regulatory\/policy options<\/strong> quantifying the coverage impacts of universal service obligations, spectrum auction prices and the level of taxation imposed on the telecommunications sector.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The analytics produced for each of these areas can be of great value to infrastructure operators, governments and other digital ecosystem actors, as well as international aid organisations working to reduce the digital divide.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_5,3_5″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

    Figure 3 provides an example of the square kilometre cost for rolling out universal service broadband across the African continent using 4G and a wireless backhaul connection.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb image=”https:\/\/itrc-2020.ouce.ox.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/themes_digital_fig3-e1600105216916.png” _builder_version=”4.2.2″]<\/p>\n

    Figure 3: Square kilometer cost for 4G universal broadband using wireless backhaul (n=6395).<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
    \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”applications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

    DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

    MODELS<\/h3>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”cdcam” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||80px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    The\u00a0Cambridge Digital Communications Assessment Model\u00a0(cdcam<\/strong>) is a decision support tool to quantify the performance of national digital infrastructure strategies for mobile broadband, focussing on 4G and 5G technologies.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/github.com\/nismod\/cdcam” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”View on GitHub” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”35px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”pytal” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    The Python Telecommunications Assessment Library (pytal<\/strong>) enables the assessment of fixed and wireless telecommunication infrastructure, with the ultimate aim of helping to connect more people to a faster internet.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/github.com\/edwardoughton\/pytal” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”View on GitHub” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”35px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”itmlogic” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    The Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model (itmlogic<\/strong>) is a Python implementation of the classic Longley-Rice propagation model (v1.2.2) and capable of estimating the signal propagation effects resulting from irregular terrain.\u00a0<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/github.com\/edwardoughton\/itmlogic” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”View on GitHub” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”35px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”podis” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||80px||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Policy Options for Digital Infrastructure Strategies (podis) <\/strong>allows transparent and reproducible analysis of policies options for improving digital infrastructure access, thus contributing to sustainable economic development.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/github.com\/edwardoughton\/podis” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”View on GitHub” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”35px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb title=”taddle” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font=”|600|||||||” header_line_height=”2.3em” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

    Telecoms Analytics for Demand using Deep Learning (taddle<\/strong>) is a predictive codebase for estimating telecoms demand in areas of poor data availability. We provide the codebase to both recreate the developed models, and demonstrate how to use these models to make spatially granular prediction maps.<\/p>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/github.com\/edwardoughton\/taddle” url_new_window=”on” button_text=”View on GitHub” button_alignment=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”35px||||false|false”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
    \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”publications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

    DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

    PUBLICATIONS<\/h3>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”list” posts_number=”5″ custom_post_types=”itrcpublications” include_categories=”130″ show_thumbnail=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#fe6223″ excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” locked=”off” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
    \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”casestudies” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_color=”#fe6223″ background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

    DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

    CASE STUDIES<\/h3>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”off” posts_number=”3″ custom_post_types=”casestudies” include_categories=”39″ show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”three-column-grid project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#3c3c3c” excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
    \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”researchthemes” module_class=”themes” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ width=”100%” max_width=”98%” module_alignment=”center” min_height=”432px” custom_margin=”20px||||false|false” custom_padding=”16px||38px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ z_index_tablet=”500″ border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_module=”33572″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_font=”||||||||” header_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_font=”|700|||||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font=”|700|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#006f74″]<\/p>\n

    RESEARCH THEMES<\/h3>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/energy-e1593364327475.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/energy\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    ENERGY<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/transport-e1593371139417.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/transport\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    TRANSPORT<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_790878583.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/water\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    WATER<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/digital\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_536340229-1.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/demographics\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    DEMOGRAPHICS<\/h6>\n

    [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/urban-development\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

    URBAN
    DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

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    ECONOMICS<\/h6>\n

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    INFRASTRUCTURE
    GOVERNANCE<\/h6>\n

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    NISMOD<\/h6>\n

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    RISK AND
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    RESEARCH SOFTWARE ENGINEERING<\/h6>\n

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    DATABASES<\/h6>\n

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