{"id":37862,"date":"2020-07-13T22:10:30","date_gmt":"2020-07-13T21:10:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oxforditrc.wpengine.com\/?page_id=37862"},"modified":"2020-09-24T20:18:10","modified_gmt":"2020-09-24T19:18:10","slug":"supply","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/themes\/energy\/supply\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy Supply System Optimisation Model"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#636363″ background_color_gradient_direction=”160deg” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/energy-e1593364327475.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”||||false|false” animation_style=”fade”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

THEMES \/ ENERGY \/<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

ENERGY SUPPLY<\/h1>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”navigation-strip” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”17px”]<\/p>\n

The \u2018Energy Supply\u2019 system optimisation model provides the capability to analyse the operation of gas and electricity bulk transmission and local energy systems in an integrated manner. The modelling approach highlights the interconnected nature of these systems over multiple spatio-temporal scales and energy vectors (electricity, gas, heat, hydrogen and bio-energy).<\/h4>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_margin=”-24px|auto||auto||” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” link_option_url=”#navigation-strip”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#introduction” button_text=”Introduction” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#results” button_text=”Results” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ positioning=”relative” background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#publications” button_text=”Publications” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_button button_url=”#casestudies” button_text=”Case studies” button_alignment=”center” module_class=”full-width-btn” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”introduction” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_color=”off” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

ENERGY SUPPLY<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

INTRODUCTION<\/h3>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”0px|||||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_4_font_size=”19px” header_4_line_height=”1.7em” header_5_text_color=”#fe6223″ max_width=”100%” custom_margin=”|-384px||||” custom_padding=”|0px||||”]The \u2018Energy Supply\u2019 model provides the capability to perform integrated analyses of the whole GB energy system from supply sources, generation, transmission, distribution and end-use. The model is built on an optimisation framework. It performs integrated optimal operation of the energy system across electricity, gas, heat, and hydrogen networks. The model can deliver insights and evaluation of national energy infrastructure and its interconnectedness with global energy systems and through an \u2018energy hub\u2019 concept the interactions with local energy systems.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”0px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″]<\/p>\n

The Energy Supply model is built from ground-up by extending the Combined Gas and Electricity Network Model (CGEN) with integrated local energy systems using the Energy Hub concept.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Energy Supply model is able to handle interdependencies with the Transport (energy demand and EV battery utilisation for V2G services) and Water Supply (cooling water for thermal power stations) models.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″]<\/p>\n

The Energy Hub approach enables:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • combined operation of electricity, natural gas, heat distribution systems.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • exploration of new energy vectors e.g. Hydrogen<\/span><\/li>\n
  • investigation of alternative renewable energy supply options that are available locally e.g. Waste to energy, bio-energy<\/span><\/li>\n
  • modelling of energy demand for transport. e.g. EVs and vehicle to grid schemes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” border_radii=”on|6px|6px|6px|6px” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″]<\/p>\n

    Additional functions in the Energy Supply model include:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Bi-directional electricity interconnector flows<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Demand side management (load shifting)<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Intermittent renewable generation which captures spatial and temporal variability<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Distributed injection of hydrogen and biogas into the natural gas distribution system.<\/span><\/li>\n
    • Constrained and optimised heat supply methods that allows the investigation of different future heat supply scenarios\/strategies.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
      \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”results” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” custom_padding=”||60px|||” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

      ENERGY SUPPLY<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

      RESULTS<\/h3>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_text_color=”#fe6223″ header_4_font_size=”19px” header_4_line_height=”1.7em” header_5_text_color=”#fe6223″ max_width=”100%” custom_margin=”|-384px||||” custom_padding=”|0px||||”]The energy supply model produces results at both local and national scales. At the local level, the energy systems\u2019 behaviour to meet consumers energy demands (including the demand for transport \u2013 electricity and hydrogen) are presented in hourly temporal resolution and across Energy Hub regions spatially. The hourly time scale enables the system operation to be investigated under the presence of large capacities of intermittent generation and storage facilities.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]Figure 1 shows the total hourly supply of electricity and heat over a cold winter week for the selected Energy Hub regions (left). Note: The results can be shown nationally or per individual region if required.<\/p>\n

      The results can also be presented seasonally \u2013 e.g. (bottom left) Emissions from the selected regions per season.[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/energy-supply_fig_1-e1594675517122.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

      Figure 1: Example local scale outputs – Hourly electricity and heat supply (winter) with seasonal variations in CO2 emissions.<\/span><\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]The distribution of small scale (embedded) generation across GB and their electricity output is shown in Figure 2.[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/energy-supply_fig_2-e1594675675834.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

      Figure 2: Example distributed generation of electricity.<\/span><\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]The heat supply at the local level from building scale technologies \u2013 small scale gas boilers and heat pumps, and district heating technologies \u2013 CHP and large gas boilers are shown in Figure 3.[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/energy-supply_fig_3-e1594676014804.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

      Figure 3:\u00a0<\/span>Example of distributed supply of heat from buildings and district heating technologies.<\/span><\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#ffffff” custom_margin=”||50px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_width_all=”1px” border_color_all=”#d6d6d6″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”#006f74″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_blurb _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_layout=”dark”]National scale results correspond to the operation of electricity and natural gas transmission networks.<\/p>\n

      The operation of these transmission networks take into account of the integrated operation of electricity, natural gas and heat supply systems modelled using Energy Hubs at the local scale.<\/p>\n

      The variations in the electricity supply mix are shown per season (pie charts) in Figure 4. In each season the percentage of electricity interconnector flows (middle bar chart) are shown as imports or exports. The electricity supply by technology is shown in hourly resolution (bottom stacked area chart).[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/energy-supply_fig_4.png” align=”center” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”20px||||false|false”]<\/p>\n

      Figure 4:\u00a0<\/span>Example outputs related to the national scale electricity transmission system.<\/span><\/p>\n

      [\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
      \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”publications” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” locked=”off”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

      ENERGY SUPPLY<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

      PUBLICATIONS<\/h3>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”list” posts_number=”3″ custom_post_types=”itrcpublications” include_categories=”41″ show_thumbnail=”off” show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” background_layout=”dark” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#ffffff” excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” locked=”off” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
      \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”casestudies” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#f1f9fa” animation_direction=”left” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#ffffff” border_width_top=”20px” border_width_right=”20px” border_width_left=”20px” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” border_width_right_tablet=”20px” border_width_right_phone=”20px” border_width_left_tablet=”20px” border_width_left_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”]<\/p>\n

      ENERGY SUPPLY<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” header_3_font=”|700||on|||||” header_3_text_color=”#3c3c3c” header_4_text_color=”#3c3c3c” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”]<\/p>\n

      CASE STUDIES<\/h3>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″ custom_padding=”||30px|||” animation_style=”slide” animation_direction=”left” animation_intensity_slide=”4%”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_dpblog_portfolio fullwidth=”off” posts_number=”3″ custom_post_types=”casestudies” include_categories=”41″ show_categories=”off” show_excerpt=”on” excerpt_limit=”200″ show_more=”on” show_pagination=”off” hover_icon=”%%20%%” zoom_icon_color=”#fe6223″ module_class=”three-column-grid project-list” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ title_font_size=”22px” excerpt_font=”||||||||” excerpt_font_size=”18px” excerpt_more_link_font=”|700|||||||” excerpt_more_link_text_color=”#3c3c3c” excerpt_more_link_font_size=”18px” text_orientation=”left” custom_css_portfolio_readmore=”display: block;” excerpt_more_link_text_color__hover_enabled=”on”][\/et_pb_dpblog_portfolio][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_button button_url=”#navigation-strip” button_text=”Back to top” button_alignment=”right” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_border_radius=”60px” button_font=”|700|||||||” button_icon=”%%0%%” button_icon_color=”#ffffff” button_on_hover=”off” background_layout=”dark”]
      \n[\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ module_id=”researchthemes” module_class=”themes” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#006f74″ width=”100%” max_width=”98%” module_alignment=”center” min_height=”432px” custom_margin=”20px||||false|false” custom_padding=”16px||38px||false|false” z_index_tablet=”500″ border_color_all=”#AECC52″ border_width_top=”10px” border_color_top=”#fe6223″ border_width_bottom=”5px” border_color_bottom=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” border_width_top_tablet=”20px” border_width_top_phone=”20px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px” global_module=”33572″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ text_font=”||||||||” header_text_color=”#ffffff” header_3_font=”|700|||||||” header_3_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font=”|700|||||||” header_4_text_color=”#006f74″]<\/p>\n

      RESEARCH THEMES<\/h3>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/energy-e1593364327475.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/energy\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      ENERGY<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/transport-e1593371139417.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/transport\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      TRANSPORT<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_790878583.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/water\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      WATER<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/digital\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||455px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_536340229-1.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/demographics\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      DEMOGRAPHICS<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/urban-development\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      URBAN
      DEVELOPMENT<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/shutterstock_712110304.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/economics\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      ECONOMICS<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/infrastructure-governance\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      INFRASTRUCTURE
      GOVERNANCE<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”2″ make_equal=”on” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.2.2″ position_origin_f=”top_center” width=”96%” max_width=”1760px” min_height=”100px” height=”100px” max_height=”100px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||150px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||250px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||445px||false|false” animation_style=”zoom” max_width__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_enable_image=”off”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/infrastructure-e1593363350576.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/nismod\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_color_top=”#fe6223″ border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      NISMOD<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/risk-resilience-e1593363402667.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/risk-and-resilience\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      RISK AND
      RESILIENCE<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/research-software-engineering\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      RESEARCH SOFTWARE ENGINEERING<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_5_font=”|700|||||||” header_5_text_align=”center” header_5_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font=”|700|||||||” header_6_text_align=”center” header_6_text_color=”#ffffff” header_6_font_size=”18px” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/digital-e1593371103180.jpg” min_height=”120px” height=”120px” custom_margin=”||||false|false” custom_padding=”10%||||false|false” link_option_url=”\/themes\/databases\/” header_6_font_size_phone=”10px” border_width_bottom=”2px” border_color_bottom=”#fe6223″]<\/p>\n

      DATABASES<\/h6>\n

      [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″ background_color=”#636363″ background_color_gradient_direction=”160deg” background_image=”https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/energy-e1593364327475.jpg” background_blend=”multiply” custom_margin=”||||false|false” animation_style=”fade”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.6″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark”] THEMES \/ ENERGY \/ [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_font_size=”35px” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”-40px|||||”] ENERGY SUPPLY [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_id=”navigation-strip” _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.2.2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.2.2″ header_4_text_color=”#ffffff” header_4_font_size=”17px”] The \u2018Energy Supply\u2019 system optimisation model provides the capability to analyse the operation of gas and electricity bulk transmission and local […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"parent":36136,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37862","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37862"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40265,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/37862\/revisions\/40265"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/36136"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37862"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37862"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.itrc.org.uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}